The Holocaust was very deadly and also very sad. It killed tons of people and lots of them were very innocent.
Hitler continued to move with speed in radically
changing Germany, consolidating power, locking up “enemies” in camps, bending
culture to his will, rebuilding the army and breaking the constraints of the Treaty
of Versailles
World War II, or the
Second World War[1] (often abbreviated as
WWII or
WW2), was a global
military conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, which involved
most of the world's nations, including all of the
great powers: eventually forming two opposing military alliances, the
Allies and the
Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million military personnel mobilised. In a state of "
total war,"
the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and
scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the
distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by
significant events involving the mass death of civilians, including the
Holocaust and the
only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it was the
deadliest conflict in
human history,
[2] resulting in
50 million to over 70 million fatalities.
The war is generally accepted to have begun on 1 September 1939, with the
invasion of
Poland by
Germany and
Slovakia, and subsequent
declarations of war on Germany by
France and most of the countries of the
British Empire and
Commonwealth. Germany set out to establish a large empire in Europe. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and
treaties, Germany conquered or subdued much of continental Europe; amid
Nazi-Soviet agreements,
the nominally neutral Soviet Union fully or partially occupied and
annexed territories of its six European neighbours. Britain and the
Commonwealth remained the only major force continuing the fight against
the Axis in
North Africa and in extensive
naval warfare. In June 1941, the European Axis launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, giving a start to the
largest land theatre of war in history, which, from this moment on, was tying down the major part of the Axis military power. In December 1941,
Japan, which had been
at war with
China since 1937,
[3] and aimed to dominate
Asia,
attacked the United States and
European possessions in the
Pacific Ocean, quickly conquering much of the region.
The Axis advance was stopped in 1942 after the defeat of Japan in a series of
naval battles and after defeats of European Axis troops in
North Africa and,
decisively, at
Stalingrad. In 1943, with a series of
German defeats in
Eastern Europe, the
Allied invasion of
Fascist Italy,
and American victories in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative and
undertook strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies
invaded France, while the Soviet Union regained all territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies.
The war in Europe ended with the
capture of Berlin by Soviet troops and subsequent
German unconditional surrender on
8 May 1945. The Japanese Navy was
defeated by the United States, and invasion of the
Japanese Archipelago ("Home Islands") became imminent.
The war ended with the total victory of the Allies over Germany and
Japan in 1945. World War II altered the political alignment and social
structure of the world. The
United Nations (UN) was established to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts (such as
World War III). The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival
superpowers, setting the stage for the
Cold War, which would last for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers started to decline, while the
decolonization of Asia and
Africa began. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards
economic recovery. Political integration emerged as an effort to stabilise postwar relations.
Despite the passing of 65 years, the long-term effects of the war are
still felt throughout the world today. Despite the irreparable death
and destruction that it wrought, World War II also spurred radical
advancements in every field of human endeavor in almost equal measure.
Perhaps more than any other event in history, the war completely
reshaped the world's social, political and economic structure, shifted
the world's balance of power, and profoundly influenced the course of
human history. radically altered the diplomatic and political situations in
Eurasia and
Africa, with the defeat of the
Central Powers, including
Austria-Hungary,
Germany, and the
Ottoman Empire; and the 1917
Bolshevik seizure of power in
Russia. Meanwhile, the success of the Allied Entente powers including the United Kingdom, France, the United States,
Italy,
Serbia, and
Romania, and the creation of new states from the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the
Russian Empire, resulted in fundamental changes to the map of Eastern Europe. In the
aftermath of the war, major unrest in Europe rose, especially
irredentist and
revanchist nationalism and
class conflict.
Irredentism and revanchism were strong in Germany because she was
forced to accept significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses
as part of the
Treaty of Versailles. Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all of
its overseas colonies,
while German annexation of other states was prohibited, massive
reparations were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and
capability of Germany's armed forces.
[9] Meanwhile, the
Russian Civil War had led to the creation of the
Soviet Union. After Lenin's death in 1924,
Joseph Stalin seized power in the USSR and repudiated the
New Economic Policy favouring the Five Year Plans instead.
[10]
In the interwar period, domestic civil conflict occurred in Germany
involving nationalists and reactionaries versus communists and moderate
democratic political parties. A similar scenario occurred in Italy.
Although Italy as an Entente ally made some territorial gains, Italian
nationalists were angered that the terms of the
Treaty of London
upon which Italy had agreed to wage war on the Central Powers, were not
fulfilled with the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the
Italian Fascist movement led by
Benito Mussolini
seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian, and class
collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy,
repressed political forces supporting class conflict or liberalism, and
pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at forcefully forging Italy
as a world power, and promising to create a "
New Roman Empire."
[11] In Germany, the
Nazi Party led by
Adolf Hitler pursued establishing such a fascist government in Germany. With the onset of the
Great Depression, Nazi support rose and, in 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, and in the aftermath of the
Reichstag fire, Hitler created a totalitarian single-party state led by the Nazis.
[12]
The
Kuomintang (KMT) party in
China launched a
unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a
civil war against its former
Chinese communist allies.
[13] In 1931, an
increasingly militaristic Japanese Empire, which had long sought influence in China
[14] as the first step of its
right to rule Asia, used the
Mukden Incident as justification to
invade Manchuria and established the
puppet state of
Manchukuo.
[15] Too weak to resist Japan, China appealed to the
League of Nations for help. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being
condemned for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several minor conflicts, in
Shanghai,
Rehe and
Hebei, until signing the
Tanggu Truce in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in
Manchuria, and
Chahar and Suiyuan.
[16]
Benito Mussolini (left) and Adolf Hitler (right)
Adolf Hitler, after an
unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, became the
Chancellor of Germany in 1933. He abolished
democracy, espousing a
radical, racially motivated revision of the world order, and soon began a massive
rearmament campaign.
[17] Meanwhile, France, to secure its alliance,
allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia, which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the
Territory of the Saar Basin
was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of
Versailles, speeding up his rearmament programme and introducing
conscription.
[18]
Hoping to contain Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the
Stresa Front. The Soviet Union, concerned due to
Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of eastern Europe, wrote a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect though, the
Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the
League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless.
[19][20] However, in June 1935, the United Kingdom made an
independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the
Neutrality Act in August.
[21]
In October, Italy invaded Ethiopia, with Germany the only major
European nation supporting the invasion. Italy then revoked objections
to Germany's goal of absorbing
Austria.
[22]
Hitler defied the Versailles and
Locarno treaties by
remilitarizing the
Rhineland in March 1936. He received little response from other European powers.
[23] When the
Spanish Civil War broke out in July, Hitler and Mussolini supported fascist Generalissimo
Francisco Franco's
nationalist forces in his civil war against the Soviet-supported
Spanish Republic. Both sides used the conflict to test new weapons and methods of warfare,
[24]
and the nationalists won the war in early 1939. Mounting tensions led
to several efforts to strengthen or consolidate power. In October 1936,
Germany and Italy formed the
Rome-Berlin Axis. A month later, Germany and Japan signed the
Anti-Comintern Pact, which Italy would join in the following year. In China, after the
Xi'an Incident the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire in order to present a
united front to oppose Japan.
[25]
Common parade of German
Wehrmacht and Soviet
Red Army on 23 September 1939 in
Brest,
Eastern Poland at the end of the Invasion of Poland. At centre is Major General
Heinz Guderian and at right is Brigadier
Semyon Krivoshein.
On 1 September 1939, Germany and
Slovakia—a client state in 1939--
attacked Poland.
On 3 September 1939 after Germany failed to withdraw in accordance with
French and British demands, France and Britain, followed by the
countries of the
Commonwealth, declared war on Germany but provided little military support to Poland other than a
small French attack into the Saarland.
[43] On 17 September 1939, after signing a
nonaggression pact with Japan, the
Soviets launched their own invasion of Poland.
[44] By early October, Poland was divided among
Germany,
the Soviet Union,
Lithuania and
Slovakia, although Poland never officially surrendered and
continued the fight outside its borders.
[45] At the same time as the battle in Poland, Japan launched its
first attack against Changsha, a strategically important Chinese city, but was repulsed by late September.
[46]
Following the invasion of Poland and a
German-Soviet treaty governing Lithuania, the Soviet Union forced the
Baltic countries to allow it
to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of "mutual assistance."[47][48][49] Finland rejected territorial demands and was invaded by the Soviet Union in November 1939.
[50] The
resulting conflict ended in March 1940 with
Finnish concessions.
[51]
France and the United Kingdom, treating the Soviet attack on Finland as
tantamount to entering the war on the side of the Germans, responded to
the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR's expulsion from the League
of Nations.
[49]
German troops by the
Arc de Triomphe,
Paris, after the
1940 fall of France.
In Western Europe, British troops deployed to the Continent, but in a phase nicknamed the
Phoney War by the British and "Sitzkrieg" (
sitting war) by the Germans, neither side launched major operations against the other until April 1940.
[52] The Soviet Union and Germany entered a
trade pact in February 1940,
pursuant to which the Soviets received German military and industrial
equipment in exchange for supplying raw materials to Germany to help
circumvent a British blockade.
[53]
In April 1940,
Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to secure shipments of
iron ore from Sweden, which the Allies were
about to disrupt.
[54] Denmark immediately capitulated, and
despite Allied support,
Norway was conquered within two months.
[55] In May 1940
Britain invaded Iceland.
[56] British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the replacement of Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain by
Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940
.